Neuropathic Pain: When Pain Becomes a Disease

Pain is one of the human body's most powerful defense mechanisms. It alerts us when something is wrong—an injury, inflammation, or overexertion. But what happens when the pain arises for no apparent reason, persists for months, and seems to have a life of its own? This is the case with neuropathic pain , a complex and often disabling condition that goes far beyond physical discomfort.

What is neuropathic pain?

Neuropathic pain occurs when there is injury, dysfunction, or irritation in the nerves responsible for transmitting pain signals to the brain. In other words, the problem lies within the nervous system itself.

Even without an active physical cause, the nerves continue to send incorrect signals, making the brain "believe" there is pain where there is no longer any injury.

This condition may arise after:

Diabetes , which damages peripheral nerves (diabetic neuropathy);

Herniated discs or compressions in the spine;

Surgeries or physical trauma;

Viral infections , such as shingles (post-herpetic neuralgia);

Autoimmune diseases , such as lupus or multiple sclerosis;

Long-term use of certain medications or chemotherapy.

How neuropathic pain manifests itself

Neuropathic pain has very specific characteristics. It can vary from person to person, but it usually manifests itself continuously and intensely. Common symptoms include:

Persistent burning or hot sensation ;

Tingling , twinges and electric shocks;

Numbness in specific areas, such as feet or hands;

Hypersensitivity : even a light touch can cause pain;

Changes in the skin , such as changes in color or temperature;

Difficulty sleeping and constant tiredness .

This pain can affect both small areas—such as toes or heels—and large areas of the body, impairing mobility and emotional well-being.

Why treatment is a challenge

Unlike other types of pain, neuropathic pain doesn't respond well to common painkillers . This is because the problem lies in the nerve pathways, not in inflamed or damaged tissue.

Treatment, therefore, requires "reeducating" the nervous system and modulating how the body perceives pain.

Management usually involves a combination of approaches:

1. Specific medications

Tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsants help stabilize nerve signals;

Creams or patches with lidocaine or capsaicin relieve localized pain;

In more severe cases, low-dose opioids or nerve blocks may be used under medical supervision.

2. Physiotherapy and exercises

Controlled movements, stretching, and strengthening techniques help stimulate nerves and restore muscle function . A physical therapist can adapt the exercises to avoid overuse and reduce discomfort.

3. Complementary therapies

Methods such as acupuncture, transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS) and mindfulness have shown good results in reducing pain and associated stress.

4. Psychological support

Living with chronic pain is emotionally draining. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help patients develop strategies to better manage pain and restore their quality of life.

The emotional impact of neuropathic pain

More than just a physical symptom, neuropathic pain has a strong psychological impact. It can lead to anxiety, depression, and social isolation , especially when the patient feels misunderstood. Acknowledging emotional distress is part of treatment. Taking care of the mind is taking care of the body.

A new look at pain

For years, neuropathic pain was underestimated—treated as a mere "side effect" of other diseases. Today, science understands that it is a disease in its own right , one that requires the same diagnosis and treatment as any other chronic condition.

The good news is that advances in medicine have brought new therapies and more effective medications , allowing many people to resume their activities and regain the pleasure of living without constant pain.

Neuropathic pain is a challenge for both sufferers and those treating it. But with early diagnosis, personalized treatment, and multidisciplinary monitoring, it's possible to control symptoms and restore quality of life .

If you or someone close to you experiences tingling, burning, or pain without apparent cause , see a neurologist or pain specialist . Identifying the source of the problem is the first step to restoring balance between body and mind.